Electrical Testing Reference

Data records

Each statement in Electrical Testing Reference is recorded as a data record with its source, verification date, review status and history. The index lists 1182 records by subject.

Test methods

Arc Energy Reduction Performance

Battery Capacity Load Test

Battery Cell Voltage and Specific Gravity

Battery Charger Performance

Battery Intercell Connection Resistance

Battery Internal Ohmic Measurement

Bolted Connection Resistance

Bushing Power Factor and Capacitance

Cable Jacket Integrity

Cable Tan Delta

Capacitance Measurement

Circuit Breaker Timing and Travel

Commutator Bar to Bar Resistance

Constant Current Regulator Output

Contact Resistance

Continuity and Shield Continuity

Control and Functional Verification

CT Excitation and Saturation

Current Circuit Injection

DC System Ground Detection

Dielectric Frequency Response

Dielectric Withstand

Dissolved Gas Analysis

Dynamic Contact Resistance

Dynamic Winding Resistance

EMF Survey

Energization Checks

Engine Generator Load and Performance

Engine Generator Safety Shutdowns

Fiber Optic Attenuation and Power

Fiber Optic OTDR Testing

Field Pole Voltage Drop

Fuse Resistance

Gas Blanket Oxygen Content

Ground Electrode Resistance

Ground Fault Protection Performance

Grounding Point to Point Continuity

Infrared Thermographic Survey

Instrument Transformer Burden

Instrument Transformer Ratio and Phase Angle

Instrument Transformer Secondary Grounding

Insulated Bearing Insulation Resistance

Insulating Liquid Acid Number

Insulating Liquid Color

Insulating Liquid Dielectric Breakdown

Insulating Liquid Interfacial Tension

Insulating Liquid Power Factor

Insulating Liquid Quality Tests

Insulating Liquid Sampling

Insulating Liquid Visual Examination

Insulating Liquid Water Content

Insulation Power Factor Dissipation Factor

Insulation Resistance

Leakage Reactance

Meter Accuracy Verification

Motor Current Signature Analysis

Motor Overload Relay Trip

Motor Run Test Under Load

Motor Vibration Analysis

Network Protector Mechanism Tests

Partial Discharge Offline

Partial Discharge Online

Phase Rotation and Phasing

Polarity Test

Polarization Index and Dielectric Absorption

Power Factor Tip Up

Power Quality and Harmonic Survey

Primary Current Injection Trip Test

Protective Relay Element Tests

PV I-V Curve Tracing

PV String Voc and Isc

PV Wet Insulation Resistance

Recloser and Sectionalizer Operation

Rectifier Converter Performance

Relay 21 Distance Test

Relay 25 Sync Check Test

Relay 27 Undervoltage Test

Relay 32 Directional Power Test

Relay 40 Loss of Field Test

Relay 46 Current Balance Test

Relay 46n Negative Sequence Test

Relay 47 Phase Sequence Test

Relay 49r Thermal Replica Test

Relay 49t Temperature Test

Relay 50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Test

Relay 50bf Breaker Failure Test

Relay 51 Time Overcurrent Test

Relay 55 Power Factor Test

Relay 59 Overvoltage Test

Relay 60 Voltage Balance Test

Relay 63 Sudden Pressure Test

Relay 64 Ground Detector Test

Relay 67 Directional Overcurrent Test

Relay 79 Reclosing Test

Relay 81 Frequency Test

Relay 85 Pilot Wire Monitor Test

Relay 87 Differential Test

Relay Time-Delay Timing Test

Relay Volts per Hertz Test

Resistor and Coil Resistance

RTD Circuit Verification

SCADA and Communication Verification

SF6 Gas Quality

Surge Arrester and SPD Tests

Surge Comparison Test

Sweep Frequency Response Analysis

Synchronous Machine Field Application

System Function Testing

Time Domain Reflectometry

Transformer Core Insulation Resistance

Transformer Excitation Current

Transformer Turns Ratio

Trip and Close Coil Minimum Pickup

Trip Unit Secondary Injection

UPS Functional and Transfer Tests

Vacuum Interrupter Integrity

Vacuum Interrupter MAC Test

Visual and Mechanical Inspection

Winding Resistance

Zone Selective Interlocking

Standards

ANSI C12.1-2026

  • std.ansi-c12-1.edition.2026: ANSI C12.1-2026 is the 2026 edition of the ANSI code for electricity metering, listed on the ANSI webstore with NEMA as the content provider.Value: 2026.
  • std.ansi-c12-1.scope: The code sets performance criteria for new AC watthour meters, demand meters and related devices, acceptable in-service performance levels for revenue meters, and recommended measurements, installation requirements and test schedules.

ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications

  • std.ansi-neta-ats.designation: ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 is the designation of the document titled ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA ATS-2025.
  • std.ansi-neta-ats.edition.2025: ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 is the 2025 edition of the NETA standard for acceptance testing specifications.Value: 2025.
  • std.ansi-neta-ats.scope: The standard sets out field tests and inspections for judging whether electrical power equipment and systems are suitable for initial energization, so that they are operational, within applicable tolerances and installed to the design.
  • std.ansi-neta-ats.status: The NETA standards development page lists the 2025 edition as the current edition of ANSI/NETA ATS.Value: current edition.
  • std.ansi-neta-ats.title: The NETA shop lists the title of ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 as ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications.

ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 Standard for Electrical Commissioning Specifications

  • std.ansi-neta-ecs.designation: ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 is the designation of the document titled ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 Standard for Electrical Commissioning Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA ECS-2024.
  • std.ansi-neta-ecs.edition.2024: ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 is the 2024 edition of the NETA standard for electrical commissioning specifications.Value: 2024.
  • std.ansi-neta-ecs.status: The NETA standards development page lists the 2024 edition as the current edition of ANSI/NETA ECS.Value: current edition.
  • std.ansi-neta-ecs.title: The NETA shop lists the title of ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 as ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 Standard for Electrical Commissioning Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA ECS-2024 Standard for Electrical Commissioning Specifications.

ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications

  • std.ansi-neta-mts.designation: ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 is the designation of the document titled ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA MTS-2023.
  • std.ansi-neta-mts.edition.2023: ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 is the 2023 edition of the NETA standard for maintenance testing specifications.Value: 2023.
  • std.ansi-neta-mts.scope: The standard specifies maintenance tests for electrical power equipment and systems so that they operate reliably and safely within industry and manufacturer tolerances.
  • std.ansi-neta-mts.status: The NETA standards development page lists the 2023 edition as the current edition of ANSI/NETA MTS.Value: current edition.
  • std.ansi-neta-mts.title: The NETA shop lists the title of ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 as ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications.Value: ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications.

FAA AC 150/5345-10H

  • std.faa-ac-150-5345-10h.edition.h: The H revision of the FAA advisory circular on constant current regulators and regulator monitors for airport lighting circuits was issued on the date stated in the datum value.Value: H.
  • std.faa-ac-150-5345-10h.scope: The circular contains a specification for constant current regulators and for a monitor used with airport lighting circuits, and it cancels the earlier revision G.

IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-13-1.designation: IEEE C57.13.1-2017 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.13.1-2017.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-1.edition.2017: IEEE C57.13.1-2017 is the 2017 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers, published on 2018-10-31.Value: 2017.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-1.scope: The guide describes field test methods for confirming that relaying current transformers are wired correctly, carry their marked ratio and polarity, and remain able to perform as designed when new and after time in service.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-1.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.13.1-2017 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-1.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.13.1-2017 as IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers.Value: IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications

  • std.ieee-450.designation: IEEE 450-2020 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.Value: IEEE 450-2020.
  • std.ieee-450.edition.2020: IEEE 450-2020 is the 2020 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications, published on 2021-03-05.Value: 2020.
  • std.ieee-450.scope: The recommended practice gives maintenance routines, test schedules and test procedures for permanently installed vented lead-acid batteries in float-charged standby service, along with guidance on when to replace them.
  • std.ieee-450.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE 450-2020 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-450.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE 450-2020 as IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.Value: IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric Machinery

  • std.ieee-43.approved: The 2013 edition of IEEE 43 was approved on 2013-12-11.Value: 2013.
  • std.ieee-43.designation: IEEE 43-2013 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric Machinery.Value: IEEE 43-2013.
  • std.ieee-43.edition.2013: IEEE 43-2013 is the 2013 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric Machinery, published on 2014-03-06.Value: 2013.
  • std.ieee-43.revision-of: IEEE 43-2013 is a revision of IEEE 43-2000.Value: 2013.
  • std.ieee-43.scope: The recommended practice describes direct-voltage procedures for measuring the insulation resistance and polarization index of stator and rotor windings and explains how to interpret the results.
  • std.ieee-43.sponsor: IEEE 43-2013 was sponsored by the Electric Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society.
  • std.ieee-43.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE 43-2013 with the status Inactive-Reserved Standard, with an inactivation date of 2024-03-21.Value: Inactive-Reserved Standard.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.annex-a: Annex A of IEEE 43-2013 is informative and describes variants of the polarization index.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.conditions: Clause 7 of IEEE 43-2013 covers the conditions recorded at the time of test, and clause 8 covers the winding connections used for the test.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.factors: Clause 6 of IEEE 43-2013 covers the factors that affect insulation resistance readings, among them surface condition, moisture, temperature and test voltage.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.instruments: Clause 9 of IEEE 43-2013 describes the instruments and methods for measuring insulation resistance.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.interpretation: Clause 11 of IEEE 43-2013 covers the interpretation of test results, and clause 12 gives recommended minimum values.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.procedure: Clause 5 of IEEE 43-2013 sets out the insulation resistance and polarization index test procedures and the choice of test voltage.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.safety: Clause 4 of IEEE 43-2013 deals with safety during insulation resistance testing.
  • std.ieee-43.structure.voltage-application: Clause 10 of IEEE 43-2013 covers how the test voltage is applied and held, including allowance for the drop across a protective resistor.
  • std.ieee-43.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE 43-2013 as IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric Machinery.Value: IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Electric Machinery.

IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications

  • std.ieee-946.designation: IEEE 946-2020 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications.Value: IEEE 946-2020.
  • std.ieee-946.edition.2020: IEEE 946-2020 is the 2020 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications, published on 2020-09-23.Value: 2020.
  • std.ieee-946.scope: The recommended practice covers the design of direct-current power systems built around lead-acid or nickel-cadmium batteries, static chargers and distribution equipment for generation, substation and telecommunication uses.
  • std.ieee-946.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE 946-2020 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-946.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE 946-2020 as IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications.Value: IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications.

IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-12-01.designation: IEEE C57.12.01-2020 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.12.01-2020.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-01.edition.2020: IEEE C57.12.01-2020 is the 2020 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, published on 2020-11-24.Value: 2020.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-01.scope: The standard covers the electrical, mechanical and safety requirements of dry-type distribution and power transformers and autotransformers in ventilated, non-ventilated and sealed constructions, where the highest-voltage winding is above the low-voltage class stated in the datum value.Value: 601 V.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-01.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.12.01-2020 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-01.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.12.01-2020 as IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-12-00.designation: IEEE C57.12.00-2021 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.12.00-2021.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-00.edition.2021: IEEE C57.12.00-2021 is the 2021 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers, published on 2022-01-21.Value: 2021.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-00.scope: The standard sets general electrical and mechanical requirements for liquid-immersed distribution, power, autotransformer and regulating transformers whose highest-voltage winding is above the low-voltage class stated in the datum value, and it lists the transformer types it excludes.Value: 601 V.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-00.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.12.00-2021 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-00.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.12.00-2021 as IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.

IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems

  • std.ieee-519.designation: IEEE 519-2022 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems.Value: IEEE 519-2022.
  • std.ieee-519.edition.2022: IEEE 519-2022 is the 2022 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, published on 2022-08-05.Value: 2022.
  • std.ieee-519.scope: The standard sets design goals for power systems that serve both linear and nonlinear loads, defines the point of common coupling as the interface where those goals apply, and addresses steady-state waveform distortion.
  • std.ieee-519.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE 519-2022 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-519.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE 519-2022 as IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems.Value: IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems.

IEEE Standard for High Accuracy Instrument Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.designation: IEEE C57.13.6-2005 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard for High Accuracy Instrument Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.13.6-2005.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.edition.2005: IEEE C57.13.6-2005 is the 2005 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard for High Accuracy Instrument Transformers, published on 2005-12-09.Value: 2005.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.inactivated: The IEEE catalog lists the inactivation of IEEE C57.13.6-2005 on the date stated in the datum value.Value: 2021-03-25.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.reaffirmed: The IEEE catalog lists the reaffirmation of IEEE C57.13.6-2005 on the date stated in the datum value.Value: 2010-06-17.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.scope: The standard adds one 0.15 voltage transformer accuracy class, two 0.15 current transformer accuracy classes, two current transformer burdens and two routine accuracy test methods for current transformers.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.13.6-2005 with the status Inactive-Reserved Standard.Value: Inactive-Reserved Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-13-6.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.13.6-2005 as IEEE Standard for High Accuracy Instrument Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard for High Accuracy Instrument Transformers.

IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-18-10.designation: IEEE C57.18.10-2021 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.18.10-2021.
  • std.ieee-c57-18-10.edition.2021: IEEE C57.18.10-2021 is the 2021 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers, published on 2022-03-29.Value: 2021.
  • std.ieee-c57-18-10.scope: The standard covers practices and requirements for single-phase and three-phase transformers serving dedicated semiconductor rectifier loads at or above the minimum rating stated in the datum value, including service conditions and routine tests.Value: 100 kW.
  • std.ieee-c57-18-10.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.18.10-2021 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-18-10.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.18.10-2021 as IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers.

IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-13.designation: IEEE C57.13-2016 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.13-2016.
  • std.ieee-c57-13.edition.2016: IEEE C57.13-2016 is the 2016 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers, published on 2016-06-29.Value: 2016.
  • std.ieee-c57-13.scope: The standard sets electrical, dimensional, mechanical and certain safety requirements for current transformers and inductively coupled voltage transformers used for measurement and for controlling AC generation, transmission and distribution equipment, and it covers metering accuracy classes and test procedures.
  • std.ieee-c57-13.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.13-2016 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-13.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.13-2016 as IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.

IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers

  • std.ieee-c57-12-91.designation: IEEE C57.12.91-2020 is the designation of the document titled IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.Value: IEEE C57.12.91-2020.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-91.edition.2020: IEEE C57.12.91-2020 is the 2020 edition of the IEEE document titled IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, published on 2021-01-28.Value: 2020.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-91.scope: The test code describes test procedures for dry-type distribution and power transformers, and it leaves performance requirements and pass criteria to other standards or to user specifications.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-91.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE C57.12.91-2020 with the status Superseded Standard, superseded by C57.12.91-2026.Value: Superseded Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-12-91.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE C57.12.91-2020 as IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.Value: IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

IEEE/IEC International Standard: Power transformers, Part 21: Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators

  • std.ieee-c57-15.designation: IEEE/IEC C57.15-2017 is the designation of the document titled IEEE/IEC International Standard: Power transformers, Part 21: Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators.Value: IEEE/IEC C57.15-2017.
  • std.ieee-c57-15.edition.2017: IEEE/IEC C57.15-2017 is the 2017 edition of the IEEE/IEC international standard on requirements, terminology and test code for step-voltage regulators, published on the date stated in the datum value.Value: 2017.
  • std.ieee-c57-15.scope: The standard covers electrical, mechanical and test requirements for liquid-immersed single-phase and three-phase step-voltage regulators for distribution and substation use, including their controls, within stated kVA and voltage ceilings.
  • std.ieee-c57-15.status: The IEEE catalog lists IEEE/IEC C57.15-2017 with the status Active Standard.Value: Active Standard.
  • std.ieee-c57-15.title: The publisher catalog gives the full title of IEEE/IEC C57.15-2017 as IEEE/IEC International Standard: Power transformers, Part 21: Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators.Value: IEEE/IEC International Standard: Power transformers, Part 21: Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators.

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)

  • std.nfpa-70.designation: NFPA 70 is the designation of National Electrical Code (NEC), which the publisher catalog lists in its 2026 edition.Value: NFPA 70.
  • std.nfpa-70.edition.2026: The NFPA store lists a 2026 edition of NFPA 70, the National Electrical Code.Value: 2026.
  • std.nfpa-70.title: The NFPA store lists NFPA 70 under the title National Electrical Code (NEC).Value: NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC).

Utility-Type Battery Chargers

  • std.nema-pe-5.designation: NEMA PE 5-1997 (R2003) is the designation of the document titled Utility-Type Battery Chargers.Value: NEMA PE 5-1997 (R2003).
  • std.nema-pe-5.edition.1997: The NEMA standards catalog lists NEMA PE 5 in its 1997 edition reaffirmed in 2003.Value: 1997 (R2003).
  • std.nema-pe-5.scope: The standard provides definitions, minimum requirements and test methods for filtered and unfiltered constant-potential battery chargers of the utility type.
  • std.nema-pe-5.status: The NEMA standards catalog lists NEMA PE 5-1997 (R2003) as active.Value: active.
  • std.nema-pe-5.title: The NEMA standards catalog gives the title of NEMA PE 5 as Utility-Type Battery Chargers.Value: Utility-Type Battery Chargers.

Equipment classes

Liquid-filled transformers

Low-voltage circuit breakers

Instrument classes

Insulation resistance tester

Low-resistance ohmmeter

  • instr.low-resistance-ohmmeter.definition: A low-resistance ohmmeter is an instrument that measures small resistances, such as those of contacts, joints and bolted connections, by passing a known direct current through the object and measuring the voltage drop that the current produces across it.
  • instr.low-resistance-ohmmeter.four-terminal: In a four-terminal measurement the current is supplied through one pair of leads and the voltage drop is sensed through a separate pair, so that the resistance of the leads and of the current connections is kept out of the result.
  • instr.low-resistance-ohmmeter.four-terminal-source: A reference on impedance measurement published by the University of California, Berkeley physics laboratory describes the four-terminal technique as passing current through one pair of leads and measuring voltage on the other pair, which removes the error caused by the series impedance of the leads, and describes it as suited to low impedances.
  • instr.low-resistance-ohmmeter.kelvin-term: The same reference notes that the term Kelvin connection is often used interchangeably with four-terminal, and names the Kelvin bridge as the most widely known four-terminal technique for precision direct-current resistance measurement.
  • instr.low-resistance-ohmmeter.mts-calibration: Section 5.3 of ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 deals with the calibration of test instruments used in maintenance testing.

Certification and accreditation

NETA Accredited Company

Neta level 1

  • cert.neta-level-1.requirements: A NETA Level 1 trainee needs a high school diploma or GED, is examined by the employer rather than by NETA, is not fully certified, and works under direct supervision of a higher-level technician.Value: Works under direct supervision of a Level 3 or Level 4 technician.
  • cert.neta-level-1.title: NETA names Level 1 of its technician certification structure Trainee Technician.

Neta level 2

  • cert.neta-level-2.examination: The NETA Level 2 examination is a closed-book, proctored multiple-choice test whose question count, time limit and passing score are stated in the datum value.Value: 100 multiple-choice questions; two-hour limit; passing score 410 on a scale of 200 to 500.
  • cert.neta-level-2.requirements: NETA Level 2 certification requires meeting the Level 1 qualifications plus the safety training, electrical training and experience stated in the datum value.Value: 40 hours of safety training; 160 hours of electrical training; two years of experience.
  • cert.neta-level-2.title: NETA names Level 2 of its technician certification structure Certified Assistant Technician.

Neta level 3

  • cert.neta-level-3.examination: The NETA Level 3 examination has the same format as the Level 2 examination, with the question count, time limit and passing score stated in the datum value.Value: 100 closed-book proctored questions; two hours allowed; passing score 410.
  • cert.neta-level-3.requirements: NETA Level 3 certification requires meeting the lower-level qualifications plus the cumulative safety training, electrical training and experience stated in the datum value.Value: 64 total hours of safety training; 400 total hours of electrical training; five years of experience.
  • cert.neta-level-3.role: A NETA Level 3 technician supervises lower-level technicians, handles routine and moderately complex testing, keeps records and evaluates test data.Value: Supervises Level 1 and Level 2 technicians.
  • cert.neta-level-3.title: NETA names Level 3 of its technician certification structure Certified Technician.

Neta level 4

  • cert.neta-level-4.examination: The NETA Level 4 examination is a closed-book, proctored test whose question count, time limit and passing score are stated in the datum value.Value: 65 questions; two-hour limit; passing score 410.
  • cert.neta-level-4.requirements: NETA Level 4 certification requires meeting the lower-level qualifications plus the cumulative safety training, electrical training and experience stated in the datum value.Value: 104 total hours of safety training; 600 total hours of electrical training; ten years of experience; Level 1, 2 and 3 qualifications met.
  • cert.neta-level-4.role: A NETA Level 4 technician leads large projects and multiple crews, works independently, performs complex investigations and writes reports.
  • cert.neta-level-4.title: NETA names Level 4 of its technician certification structure Certified Senior Technician.

NETA technician certification

  • cert.neta-certification.employer-link: NETA certifies technicians who are employed by a NETA Accredited Company.
  • cert.neta-certification.ett-standard: The ANSI/NETA ETT standard, in its 2026 edition, sets the experience, education and training requirements for electrical test technicians at Levels 2 through 4.
  • cert.neta-certification.experience-credit: For the upper certification levels, a stated period of technical education in an electrical field counts as a limited credit toward the related-experience requirement under the NETA certification requirements.Value: Two or more years of technical education in an electrical field count as up to one year of related experience, for Levels 2 through 4.
  • cert.neta-certification.recertification: NETA's public certification page says certified technicians must meet continuing education, training and experience requirements and points to the ANSI/NETA ETT standard for the details, without describing a recertification cycle itself.
  • cert.neta-certification.structure: NETA certifies electrical testing technicians in four levels, Level 1 Trainee Technician through Level 4 Certified Senior Technician, and a technician must meet the requirements and pass the examination for each lower level before advancing.

Osha qualified person

  • cert.osha-qualified-person.definition: Under 29 CFR 1910.399 for electrical work, a qualified person is one who has received training in, and has demonstrated skills and knowledge of, the construction and operation of electric equipment and installations and the hazards involved.Value: A person trained in, and demonstrated skilled and knowledgeable about, the construction and operation of electric equipment and installations and the hazards involved..
  • cert.osha-qualified-person.training: Under 29 CFR 1910.332(b)(3), qualified persons permitted to work on or near exposed energized parts must be trained to identify exposed live parts, to determine their nominal voltage and to know the clearance distances that apply.

Quantities, units and formulas

Dissipation factor

  • qty.dissipation-factor.ats-table: ANSI/NETA ATS-2025 Table 100.3 gives recommended dissipation factor or power factor values at a reference temperature for liquid-filled transformers, regulators and reactors.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.definition: The dissipation factor of an insulation system under an alternating voltage is the tangent of its loss angle, which equals the ratio of the in-phase, resistive component of the current through the insulation to its quadrature, capacitive component.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.mts-table: ANSI/NETA MTS-2023 Table 100.3 gives dissipation factor or power factor maintenance test values at a reference temperature for liquid-filled transformers, regulators and reactors.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.power-factor: The power factor of an insulation system is the cosine of the phase angle between the applied alternating voltage and the resulting current, which equals the sine of the loss angle.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.technav-dielectric-loss: IEEE Technology Navigator defines dielectric losses as the energy dissipated as heat when an alternating electric field is applied to an insulating material.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.technav-loss-tangent: IEEE Technology Navigator describes the loss tangent, tan δ, as the principal measure of dielectric loss, where δ is the loss angle of the dielectric, and states that the dissipation factor is numerically equal to tan δ and expresses the ratio of resistive to reactive power in the material.
  • qty.dissipation-factor.unit-one: The NIST Guide to the SI notes that the symbol for the derived unit one is generally omitted when values of dimensionless quantities are stated.

Ohm

  • qty.ohm.ampere: NIST lists the ampere, symbol A, as the SI base unit of electric current.Value: A.
  • qty.ohm.base-units: Expressed in SI base units, the ohm equals the square meter times the kilogram divided by the cube of the second and the square of the ampere.Value: m2 kg s-3 A-2.
  • qty.ohm.definition: In the NIST Guide to the SI, the ohm, symbol Ω, is the SI coherent derived unit of electric resistance and is expressed in other SI units as the volt per ampere.Value: V/A.
  • qty.ohm.megohm: Applying the SI prefix mega, symbol M, which denotes the factor one million, to the ohm gives the megohm, equal to one million ohms.Value: 1,000,000 Ω.
  • qty.ohm.microhm: Applying the SI prefix micro, symbol μ, which denotes the factor one millionth, to the ohm gives the microhm, equal to one millionth of an ohm.Value: 0.000001 Ω.
  • qty.ohm.siemens: In the NIST Guide to the SI, the siemens, symbol S, is the SI coherent derived unit of electric conductance and is expressed in other SI units as the ampere per volt, the reciprocal of the ohm.Value: A/V.
  • qty.ohm.volt: In the NIST Guide to the SI, the volt, symbol V, is the SI coherent derived unit of electric potential difference and is expressed in other SI units as the watt per ampere.Value: W/A.

Glossary

Dielectric absorption ratio

  • gloss.dielectric-absorption-ratio.definition: The dielectric absorption ratio is the ratio of two insulation resistance readings taken a short time apart early in a direct-voltage test, the later reading divided by the earlier one.

Polarization index

  • gloss.polarization-index.definition: The polarization index is the ratio of two insulation resistance readings taken at two times after a direct voltage is applied, the later reading divided by the earlier one.

Organizations

IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA)

  • org.ieee-sa.address: IEEE SA gives its address as 445 Hoes Lane in Piscataway, New Jersey, and names the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. as copyright holder of its documents.
  • org.ieee-sa.founded: The IEEE Standards Association was formed in 1998 from the former standards activities of IEEE.
  • org.ieee-sa.ieee-founded: IEEE was formed in 1963 through the merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers.
  • org.ieee-sa.role: IEEE SA operates within IEEE as a consensus-building organization that develops standards and supports standards-related collaboration.

Nema

  • org.nema.publication-store: NEMA offers more than 800 standards and technical documents through its Publication Store.
  • org.nema.role: NEMA represents manufacturers in the electroindustry, whose products serve the power grid, building systems and distributed energy and storage.

NETA (InterNational Electrical Testing Association)

  • org.neta.ansi-developer: NETA became an American National Standards developer in 1996.
  • org.neta.first-specification: NETA published its first testing specification document in 1973.
  • org.neta.founded: NETA, the InterNational Electrical Testing Association, was founded in 1972.
  • org.neta.headquarters: NETA lists its headquarters in Portage, Michigan.
  • org.neta.role: NETA develops consensus standards for installing and maintaining power systems, accredits electrical testing companies and certifies electrical testing technicians.

Osha

  • org.osha.enabling-act: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was enacted as a public law on the date stated in the datum value.Value: Public Law 91-596.
  • org.osha.mission: OSHA works to keep workers in safe and healthful conditions by setting and enforcing standards, enforcing anti-retaliation protections, and providing training, outreach, education and assistance.
  • org.osha.parent-agency: OSHA is part of the United States Department of Labor and is led by the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health.